The third-party debt test was introduced as an alternative test for infrastructure and real property taxpayers under the new thin capitalisation regime. While intended to provide a simpler and more streamlined approach than the former arm’s length debt test, the rules have raised several complex interpretational challenges. This keynote explored key concepts emerging from the regime, including commercial operations, recourse and Australian assets. Speakers also examined the ATO’s evolving views and discuss the practical implications for infrastructure investors and advisers.